HOW FAST FOOD IN AMERICA EFFECTS THE GROWTH OF CHILD OBESITY Research Paper

HOW FAST FOOD IN AMERICA EFFECTS THE GROWTH OF CHILD OBESITY - Research Paper Example Such overweight and hefty kids are, regularly, the beneficiaries of steady provocation, unfeeling insults, and likely, harassing. Lamentably, the quantity of youngsters falling into the classification of hefty, or well on their approach to getting large, is developing and has been for quite a while. For what reason are youngsters fighting issues of heftiness at more youthful and more youthful ages? There are various hypotheses about the various angles and components of current society that are contributory to the issue of youth weight. Numerous scientists favor the possibility that it is the inexpensive food industry that can, and should, be accused for this undesirable pattern in youth weight gain. In spite of the fact that, it is improbable, that cheap food alone can be considered completely mindful; be that as it may, it is assuredly a supporter. Foundation A youngster can be delegated overweight if their â€Å"body mass Index,† or BMI, is higher than the 85th percentile fo r their age and sexual orientation. Heftiness is resolved when a child’s BMI is at or over the 95th percentile for their sexual orientation and age. The quantity of youngsters that fall into these percentiles has, basically, significantly increased in the course of the most recent 3 decades. (Mill operator , Rosenbloom, and Silverstein 1) The perils for youngsters who are overweight or hefty are in danger to contract or build up a number intense ailments and conditions; cardiovascular malady, hypertension, and prediabetes, which can in the end develop into real diabetes. Youngsters who are corpulent may, likewise, face horrendous social disconnection, which can prompt mental and confidence issues. Overweight and fat youngsters are extensively bound to grow up to me overweight and fat grown-ups. So, all in all they, conceivably, become much more in danger of building up the previously mentioned conditions, at the same time, additionally, joint issues and elevated danger of cre ating malignancies of the prostate, cervix, bosom, pancreas, bladder, and kidney to give some examples. Given more time, in light of current circumstances, stoutness, or entanglements brought about by it, will end up being the number 1 reason for death in the United States.(Miller, Rosenbloom, and Silverstein 1) Because youth heftiness is a worry that doesn't appear to back off or halting, much exploration has been done to decide causes that have permitted youth corpulence to increment so much, counteractions that can battle these advanced causes, and medicines to improve the wellbeing and lives who are by and by overweight or corpulent. There are a huge number of contributing components, some hereditary, others ecological, and some are identified with the nature and nature of the food that they devour. (Youth Obesity) Fast food, similar to pizza, tacos, hamburgers and French fries, and all the establishments open all occasions and hours, has earned a finger pointed their heading as the dish extreme reason for youth heftiness. In spite of the fact that not all specialists concur, yet the inexpensive food industry does totally have a huge influence. Conversation The advanced society we live in today is so altogether different from ages that preceded us. The idea of employments and diversion have all become unmistakably increasingly inactive with the entirety of the new mechanical advances; TVs, computer games, and PCs empower longer and longer periods without physical movement. The kids are a result of that condition. It has, likewise, been resolved that our cutting edge world is unquestionably more hazardous than it used to be, children’s guardians are less alright with their kids playing outside, parks and play areas are

Should Abortion Be Made Legal Essay Example

Should Abortion Be Made Legal Essay The discussion about whether or not premature birth ought to be a legitimate choice keeps on partitioning Americans long after the US Supreme Court’s 7-2 choice on Roe v. Swim announced the technique a key right† on Jan. 22, 1973. Advocates, distinguishing themselves as master decision, battle that premature birth is a correct that ought not be constrained by administrative or strict power, and which exceeds any privilege guaranteed for an incipient organism or fetus.They contend that pregnant ladies will fall back on risky unlawful premature births if there is no legitimate choice. Rivals, distinguishing themselves as professional life, affirm that personhood starts at origination, and in this way fetus removal is the corrupt executing of a blameless individual. They state fetus removal delivers enduring on the unborn kid, and that it is uncalled for to permit premature birth when couples who can't naturally imagine are holding on to embrace etuses are unequipped for fe eling torment when a fetus removal is performed by Stuart W.G. Derbyshire, PhD, Senior Lecturer at the University of Birmingham (England). Not just has the natural improvement not yet happened to help torment understanding, yet the earth after birth, so important to the advancement of agony experience, is additionally yet to happen. etuses are unequipped for feeling torment when a premature birth is performed by Stuart W. G. Derbyshire, PhD, Senior Lecturer at the University of Birmingham (England). Not just has the natural improvement not yet happened to help torment understanding, however the earth after birth, so important to the advancement of torment understanding, is likewise yet to happen. etuses are unequipped for feeling torment when a fetus removal is performed by Stuart W. G. Derbyshire, PhD, Senior Lecturer at the University of Birmingham (England). Not just has the natural improvement not yet happened to help torment understanding, yet the earth after birth, so importan t to the advancement of agony experience, is likewise yet to happen.

The Unofficial Rules of Job Hunting While Youre Pregnant

The Unofficial Rules of Job Hunting While You’re Pregnant Hunting for a job can be a challenging task, especially in today’s economic climate.Combine that with a pregnancy and it might seem like the odds are stacked against you.This is especially difficult when your pregnancy has started to show, giving your prospective employers a physical indication that your availability at work is about to change in a few months’ time.Actually, the number one fear for pregnant women who are job hunting is that they will get passed over even if they are qualified for the position.In the United States, over 75 million women are work force participants, with more than 66 million of them employed.According to a study by the Center for American Progress, about three quarters of these women will carry a pregnancy at least once while they are employed, and a significant portion of them will be expectant while hunting for a job.The need to search for a job while pregnant might arise due to factors such as company layoffs and the need for financial stability once the child is born.While it might seem like the odds are stacked against you, a pregnancy should not deter you from searching for and getting your dream job.For instance, Marissa Mayer was hired as CEO of Yahoo six months into her pregnancy.However, it is good to acknowledge that there will probably be some bias by hiring managers against pregnant women.Once you acknowledge this, it becomes easier for you to prepare yourself accordingly.Below are seven unofficial rules you should keep in mind when you are job hunting while pregnant.RULE 1: YOU HAVE ZERO OBLIGATION TO DISCLOSEFor most women attending interviews while pregnant, the biggest thing they grapple with is deciding whether or not to mention their pregnancy to the interviewing panel.According to a survey conducted in 2017 by the Equality and Human Rights Commission, six out of 10 (59%) of employers in the private sector believe that it is necessary for women to declare their pregnancy status during the recruitment proces s.However, this is illegal.According to the law, every woman has the right to go through the recruitment process without mentioning or discussing their pregnancy or plans to have children, even if the pregnancy is obvious.While you have no obligations to disclose your pregnancy during a job interview, the decision is not as straightforward.There are some personal and practical factors that you should keep in mind when making the decision.For instance, hiding a pregnancy might make you come across as a dishonest person, something that might affect your relationship with your colleagues and superiors once you get the job.So, should you disclose or not?When applying for the job, you should apply for the job like you would apply for a job without a pregnancy.There is no need of mentioning the pregnancy when writing your cover letter. In most cases, employers will need to conduct a screening call over phone or Skype before moving on to the in-person interview.There is no need to bring up your pregnancy during this screening call either.If you want to find out whether the company is family friendly, you can enquire about the company culture and work-life balance without having to mention your pregnancy.Once you get to the in-person interview, you should make the decision on whether to immediately let the employer know that you are expectant based on where you are with your pregnancy.If you are in the later stages of your pregnancy and your belly has started showing, it is best to address it during this stage.However, if your pregnancy is still in the early stages and has not started showing, it is advisable to keep the information to yourself.Many women will actually feel nervous sharing details of their pregnancy even with their friends during the early stages of a pregnancy, so there is no need sharing the information with a stranger at this time.Sharing the information at this stage might also put you at a disadvantage, which is something you want to avoid.It is good to note that you will eventually need to disclose the pregnancy to your potential employer.So, when should you do it?Here, you have two options: to disclose it after you get an offer or after you get hired.The best option is to do it after you get an offer.Once the employer has sent you an offer, it shows that they have already settled on you as the best qualified person for the position.By disclosing the pregnancy at this time, you avoid coming across as having pulled a bait-and-switch on them.They are also unlikely to rescind the offer after you disclose the news, since this would be pregnancy discrimination, which is against the law.If you decide to tell them once you are hired, they are stuck with you and there’s not much they can do.However, the problem with this approach is that the employer will think you pulled a fast one on them, which might affect your relationships at work.However, if you were in the very early stages of your pregnancy, you can hold off the informa tion for a few months as you prove your worth to the company.Once you decide to tell them, simply mention that you and your partner have just decided to go public with the information.For instance, you can say:“Robert, I wanted to let you know that my husband and I have a baby on the way. The baby is due in August.”That should be enough. You don’t have to go into any more details. If they ask whether you were aware of the pregnancy while interviewing, you can simply answer with:“We just went public with the information this week, and we feel so excited.” RULE 2: IF YOU CHOOSE TO DISCLOSE, HAVE A PLANIn rule number one, I mentioned that if you are in the later stages where your pregnancy has started showing, it is best to bring it up instead of going through the interview hoping that they will not notice.Addressing the pregnancy shows that you are in control and allows you to put the employer’s concerns to rest.There are two reasons why employers are usually hesitant abou t hiring an expectant woman. The first reason is her availability at work.In most cases, employers are looking to hire someone because they have a role that needs to be filled immediately.At the same time, an expectant woman has a number of obligations that will impact her availability at work, such as the antenatal doctor’s appointments, unexpected illnesses and other symptoms brought about the pregnancy, as well as the actual maternity leave once the child is born.Employers might feel that these commitments will prevent a pregnant woman from providing the immediate support needed for the role they are interviewing for.Second, most employers usually have concerns about the commitment of the pregnant woman to the job. There are cases where some women decide not to go back to work after having a baby.As such, employers are wary about having to go through the expensive process of hiring and inducting a new employee again after a few months.Therefore, if you decide to address your pr egnancy, you should have a plan on how you are going to put the employer’s concerns to rest.Before the interview, prepare on how you are going to tackle any questions about how the pregnancy will affect your responsibilities.When talking about your pregnancy, do not be apologetic about it. Mention it matter-of-factly and then move on to your plan for ensuring that the pregnancy and childbirth have the least possible impact on your work.For instance, let the employer know that you will handle some work in advance, make advance planning for the time you will be away and reassign some duties to ensure that the gap you leave during your maternity leave will not be felt.Most importantly, assure your prospective employer that you will come back to work, and give them a detailed plan of how you will transition back to work after having your Baby.Now that you have brought up the subject of your personal life, you can also mention that you have other children if this is not your first preg nancy.By telling the employer that you have other kids, you are letting them know that this is something that you have handled before. The aim here is to show the employer that the pregnancy and the baby will not interfere with your work.Once you do that, you are more likely to get hired. If your aim is to start working after your baby is born, you should also let the employer know during the interview.By addressing the concerns of the employer during the interview and showing them that you have a plan for ensuring that the pregnancy and childbirth will have the least possible impact on your work, you will increase your chances of getting the job.However, when discussing your plans, you should be cautious about exaggerating your flexibility.For instance, do not claim that you will be back to work two weeks after your baby is born.RULE 3: AVOID MAKING YOUR PREGNANCY THE FOCUS OF THE INTERVIEWIf you decide to talk about your pregnancy, you should not spend a lot of time discussing it. Mention it as a simple thing that does not have any major contribution to the interview and move on.By treating it as something that does not have any major influence on the outcome of the interview, your interviewers are also more likely to treat it as such.The main thing to remember that you should not let it become the focus of the interview.For instance, you can say:“Gilbert, I have a few questions. First, I’m curious about the biggest opportunities this department has right now. Oh, I see. That’s great. Secondly, I am expecting a baby in five months’ time. I already have some ideas about how I will minimize the impact of my absence from work. I plan to do XYZ. Thirdly, I wanted to know…”Once you have mentioned the pregnancy and your plans for ensuring it doesn’t interfere with your work, quickly steer the conversation back to discussing your expertise, experience, strengths, personality and gifts.Focus on your qualifications and why you are the right person for t he job.Show them the contributions that you will make towards the overall well-being of the company.Since the pregnancy will likely result in some bias on the part of the interviewers, this is the time to sell yourself vigorously. The aim is to show them that the inconvenience brought about by your maternity leave will only be miniscule compared to the benefits you will bring to the company in the long term.You should also show your commitment to the vision of the organization.According to research, women who emphasize personal qualities experience significantly lower levels of pregnancy discrimination at work compared to those who do not.RULE 4: SCHEDULE INTERVIEWS AROUND YOUR PREGNANCYWhile pregnancy is a beautiful thing, it comes with some not-so-great side effects: morning sickness, bloating and constipation, frequent peeing, nose bleeds, and so on.These symptoms are unavoidable and can ruin things for you, especially if they appear during interviews.Therefore, it is good to con sider such things when scheduling for interviews.For instance, if the symptoms are at their strongest during the morning hours, it makes more sense to schedule your interview for the afternoon when your body will be more at ease and your mind more alert.You don’t want to interrupt an interview so that you can rush to the bathroom.In addition, your body will also be undergoing some changes, and it is good to ensure that your interview wardrobe fits well, despite the changes happening to your body.In addition to the physical changes happening to your body, being pregnant will also increase your obligations. You will need to attend antenatal clinics, sometimes you will be unable to work due to morning sickness and so on.If you are searching for a job while still employed, all these obligations â€" in addition to the time devoted to your job search â€" can interfere with your duties at your current job.Therefore, you should plan your job search efforts and interviews accordingly to en sure you do not end up losing your current job with a baby on the way and no other job in the offing.If you are in the final stages of your pregnancy, it is also best if you concentrate on searching for jobs that will allow you to start after the baby is born.RULE 5: CHECK WHETHER THE NEW JOB COVERS YOUR NEEDSWhen searching for a job while pregnant, it is important to consider the benefits provided by the organization, as well as whether the new job provides any special benefits for pregnant women.According to Unum, a disability insurance provider, 28% of short term disability claims are due to pregnancy, making it the most common reason for short term disability claims.By claiming disability insurance, you can take time off work and still receive some income to help you meet your obligations.Benefits are also part of your total compensation, therefore they are an important consideration.The best thing to do is to do some research even before the interview and find out if your prosp ective employer provides any benefits that will help ease your life once you have had your baby and returned to work as a working mom.While considering the benefits provided by your prospective employer, you should also take a look at their maternity leave policy and their prenatal care coverage.This is something you should make sure to discuss with your employer once you bring up the issue of your pregnancy, before accepting the job offer.However, some companies do not have any official maternity leave policy, which means that you might be forced to claim short term disability as well as some paid time off.You should also take a look at the medical insurance options provided by the employer, since, as a new mother, you might frequently require medical care for your newborn.One thing you should keep in mind is that if you are interviewing while already pregnant, you will not be eligible for coverage by the Family Leave and Medical Act (FMLA) after you are hired.This is because, in m any companies, the FMLA only applies to employees who have been with the company for over 12 months before requesting for maternity leave.RULE 6: CHECK WHETHER THE JOB FITS INTO YOUR PLANSIf you are searching for a job while pregnant, it is good to be honest with yourself and realize that your responsibilities and obligations will increase significantly once your baby is born.You should keep this in mind when sending out job applications.Take the time to think about how your daily schedule will change once you become a mother, and then figure out whether the job you are applying for will align with this schedule.Will you need a job with a structured schedule or one that allows you to be a bit flexible?Will you be fully available from 9 to 5?Would you prefer a job that allows you to work from home as you take care of your newborn?If not, will you have someone to watch the baby when you are at work?You will also need to consider the location of the job.If you intend to take your baby to a day care center, you will need to consider whether there is any good day care center close to your new job, as well as the distance to the new job from home.All these factors will affect your performance and satisfaction in your new position, so it is important to give them some careful thought before applying for a job. You should also determine what the job demands of you before applying.For instance, as a new mother, you might not be able to fit well into a job that requires you to travel frequently or work extremely long hours.The most important thing here is to figure out what matters for you and your baby and then look for a job that will allow you to meet your obligations and responsibilities.Below is a checklist of some of the things you should consider if you are hunting for a new job while expecting:Physical demands â€" opt for jobs that have fewer physical demands, such as heavy lifting and standing all day, especially during the later stages of your pregnancyFlexibl e work hoursFamily friendlinessThe option to telecommute or work from home if need beThe option to take breaks if need be (such as attending doctor’s appointments)RULE 7: UNDERSTAND YOUR RIGHTSFinally, you should understand that as a pregnant woman searching for a new job, you have your rights.Despite all the progress that has been made in the world, bias against pregnant women still remains in the workplace.According to two studies done in 2007 and 2004, pregnant women are viewed as less competent and therefore less likely to be hired. In another study carried out in 2013, the researchers found out that pregnant women were more likely to be treated rudely by interviewers of both sexes.One of the co-authors of this study notes that this bias stems from a subconscious level, even if people may consciously know that pregnancy does not affect a person’s competency.The study also noted that pregnant women are less likely to be treated rudely if they focused on their qualifications a nd explained how they planned to ensure success in the position despite their pregnancy.So, how do you keep yourself protected against pregnancy discrimination?According to the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA), it is illegal for an employer to deny a woman employment on the basis of her pregnancy.The law also protects pregnant women against other forms of discrimination at the workplace, including things such as benefits, job assignments, promotions, and layoffs.During the interviewing process, it is also illegal for an employer to enquire if you are pregnant or are planning to get pregnant.The law also gives you the right to not discuss your pregnancy in a job interview, even if the pregnancy is obvious.However, if such a question comes up, you can politely brush it away.For instance, you might say:“If you are asking about my ability to perform the duties associated with this position, you can rest assured that I will deliver everything that is required of me.”If, for some re ason, you feel that an employer has discriminated against you on the basis of your pregnancy â€" for instance, if they asked you a question concerning your pregnancy or plan to have children â€" you can report the matter to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.Because of this, most employers will not bring up the subject of pregnancy during the interview, even if the pregnancy is obvious.Unfortunately, they can still avoid hiring an applicant based on her pregnancy. In such instances, it becomes difficult to file a claim for pregnancy discrimination, since the applicant has no way of proving that the pregnancy was the reason behind her being denied employment.In addition, employers do not require you to fill your pregnancy status during the job application, therefore it cannot be proven whether they were aware of the pregnancy.THE BOTTOM LINE OF JOB HUNTING WHILE PREGNANTWhile searching for a job while pregnant can be somewhat challenging, the fact that you are carrying a lit tle bundle of joy inside you should not keep you from going for your dreams.There are several women who have done it, and you can do it too!If you find yourself in an interview room while pregnant, always remember that you have no obligations to bring up the pregnancy.However, if you choose to, have a plan, address the pregnancy and your plan matter-of-factly and quickly steer the conversation to your strengths and qualifications.Keep in mind that a pregnancy will come with some changes, and schedule your interviews with these changes in consideration.You should also check whether the new job covers your needs and whether it fits into your plans.Finally, remember that as a pregnant woman, you have your rights. No employer should discriminate against you because of your pregnancy.

The Unofficial Rules of Job Hunting While Youre Pregnant

The Unofficial Rules of Job Hunting While You’re Pregnant Hunting for a job can be a challenging task, especially in today’s economic climate.Combine that with a pregnancy and it might seem like the odds are stacked against you.This is especially difficult when your pregnancy has started to show, giving your prospective employers a physical indication that your availability at work is about to change in a few months’ time.Actually, the number one fear for pregnant women who are job hunting is that they will get passed over even if they are qualified for the position.In the United States, over 75 million women are work force participants, with more than 66 million of them employed.According to a study by the Center for American Progress, about three quarters of these women will carry a pregnancy at least once while they are employed, and a significant portion of them will be expectant while hunting for a job.The need to search for a job while pregnant might arise due to factors such as company layoffs and the need for financial stability once the child is born.While it might seem like the odds are stacked against you, a pregnancy should not deter you from searching for and getting your dream job.For instance, Marissa Mayer was hired as CEO of Yahoo six months into her pregnancy.However, it is good to acknowledge that there will probably be some bias by hiring managers against pregnant women.Once you acknowledge this, it becomes easier for you to prepare yourself accordingly.Below are seven unofficial rules you should keep in mind when you are job hunting while pregnant.RULE 1: YOU HAVE ZERO OBLIGATION TO DISCLOSEFor most women attending interviews while pregnant, the biggest thing they grapple with is deciding whether or not to mention their pregnancy to the interviewing panel.According to a survey conducted in 2017 by the Equality and Human Rights Commission, six out of 10 (59%) of employers in the private sector believe that it is necessary for women to declare their pregnancy status during the recruitment proces s.However, this is illegal.According to the law, every woman has the right to go through the recruitment process without mentioning or discussing their pregnancy or plans to have children, even if the pregnancy is obvious.While you have no obligations to disclose your pregnancy during a job interview, the decision is not as straightforward.There are some personal and practical factors that you should keep in mind when making the decision.For instance, hiding a pregnancy might make you come across as a dishonest person, something that might affect your relationship with your colleagues and superiors once you get the job.So, should you disclose or not?When applying for the job, you should apply for the job like you would apply for a job without a pregnancy.There is no need of mentioning the pregnancy when writing your cover letter. In most cases, employers will need to conduct a screening call over phone or Skype before moving on to the in-person interview.There is no need to bring up your pregnancy during this screening call either.If you want to find out whether the company is family friendly, you can enquire about the company culture and work-life balance without having to mention your pregnancy.Once you get to the in-person interview, you should make the decision on whether to immediately let the employer know that you are expectant based on where you are with your pregnancy.If you are in the later stages of your pregnancy and your belly has started showing, it is best to address it during this stage.However, if your pregnancy is still in the early stages and has not started showing, it is advisable to keep the information to yourself.Many women will actually feel nervous sharing details of their pregnancy even with their friends during the early stages of a pregnancy, so there is no need sharing the information with a stranger at this time.Sharing the information at this stage might also put you at a disadvantage, which is something you want to avoid.It is good to note that you will eventually need to disclose the pregnancy to your potential employer.So, when should you do it?Here, you have two options: to disclose it after you get an offer or after you get hired.The best option is to do it after you get an offer.Once the employer has sent you an offer, it shows that they have already settled on you as the best qualified person for the position.By disclosing the pregnancy at this time, you avoid coming across as having pulled a bait-and-switch on them.They are also unlikely to rescind the offer after you disclose the news, since this would be pregnancy discrimination, which is against the law.If you decide to tell them once you are hired, they are stuck with you and there’s not much they can do.However, the problem with this approach is that the employer will think you pulled a fast one on them, which might affect your relationships at work.However, if you were in the very early stages of your pregnancy, you can hold off the informa tion for a few months as you prove your worth to the company.Once you decide to tell them, simply mention that you and your partner have just decided to go public with the information.For instance, you can say:“Robert, I wanted to let you know that my husband and I have a baby on the way. The baby is due in August.”That should be enough. You don’t have to go into any more details. If they ask whether you were aware of the pregnancy while interviewing, you can simply answer with:“We just went public with the information this week, and we feel so excited.” RULE 2: IF YOU CHOOSE TO DISCLOSE, HAVE A PLANIn rule number one, I mentioned that if you are in the later stages where your pregnancy has started showing, it is best to bring it up instead of going through the interview hoping that they will not notice.Addressing the pregnancy shows that you are in control and allows you to put the employer’s concerns to rest.There are two reasons why employers are usually hesitant abou t hiring an expectant woman. The first reason is her availability at work.In most cases, employers are looking to hire someone because they have a role that needs to be filled immediately.At the same time, an expectant woman has a number of obligations that will impact her availability at work, such as the antenatal doctor’s appointments, unexpected illnesses and other symptoms brought about the pregnancy, as well as the actual maternity leave once the child is born.Employers might feel that these commitments will prevent a pregnant woman from providing the immediate support needed for the role they are interviewing for.Second, most employers usually have concerns about the commitment of the pregnant woman to the job. There are cases where some women decide not to go back to work after having a baby.As such, employers are wary about having to go through the expensive process of hiring and inducting a new employee again after a few months.Therefore, if you decide to address your pr egnancy, you should have a plan on how you are going to put the employer’s concerns to rest.Before the interview, prepare on how you are going to tackle any questions about how the pregnancy will affect your responsibilities.When talking about your pregnancy, do not be apologetic about it. Mention it matter-of-factly and then move on to your plan for ensuring that the pregnancy and childbirth have the least possible impact on your work.For instance, let the employer know that you will handle some work in advance, make advance planning for the time you will be away and reassign some duties to ensure that the gap you leave during your maternity leave will not be felt.Most importantly, assure your prospective employer that you will come back to work, and give them a detailed plan of how you will transition back to work after having your Baby.Now that you have brought up the subject of your personal life, you can also mention that you have other children if this is not your first preg nancy.By telling the employer that you have other kids, you are letting them know that this is something that you have handled before. The aim here is to show the employer that the pregnancy and the baby will not interfere with your work.Once you do that, you are more likely to get hired. If your aim is to start working after your baby is born, you should also let the employer know during the interview.By addressing the concerns of the employer during the interview and showing them that you have a plan for ensuring that the pregnancy and childbirth will have the least possible impact on your work, you will increase your chances of getting the job.However, when discussing your plans, you should be cautious about exaggerating your flexibility.For instance, do not claim that you will be back to work two weeks after your baby is born.RULE 3: AVOID MAKING YOUR PREGNANCY THE FOCUS OF THE INTERVIEWIf you decide to talk about your pregnancy, you should not spend a lot of time discussing it. Mention it as a simple thing that does not have any major contribution to the interview and move on.By treating it as something that does not have any major influence on the outcome of the interview, your interviewers are also more likely to treat it as such.The main thing to remember that you should not let it become the focus of the interview.For instance, you can say:“Gilbert, I have a few questions. First, I’m curious about the biggest opportunities this department has right now. Oh, I see. That’s great. Secondly, I am expecting a baby in five months’ time. I already have some ideas about how I will minimize the impact of my absence from work. I plan to do XYZ. Thirdly, I wanted to know…”Once you have mentioned the pregnancy and your plans for ensuring it doesn’t interfere with your work, quickly steer the conversation back to discussing your expertise, experience, strengths, personality and gifts.Focus on your qualifications and why you are the right person for t he job.Show them the contributions that you will make towards the overall well-being of the company.Since the pregnancy will likely result in some bias on the part of the interviewers, this is the time to sell yourself vigorously. The aim is to show them that the inconvenience brought about by your maternity leave will only be miniscule compared to the benefits you will bring to the company in the long term.You should also show your commitment to the vision of the organization.According to research, women who emphasize personal qualities experience significantly lower levels of pregnancy discrimination at work compared to those who do not.RULE 4: SCHEDULE INTERVIEWS AROUND YOUR PREGNANCYWhile pregnancy is a beautiful thing, it comes with some not-so-great side effects: morning sickness, bloating and constipation, frequent peeing, nose bleeds, and so on.These symptoms are unavoidable and can ruin things for you, especially if they appear during interviews.Therefore, it is good to con sider such things when scheduling for interviews.For instance, if the symptoms are at their strongest during the morning hours, it makes more sense to schedule your interview for the afternoon when your body will be more at ease and your mind more alert.You don’t want to interrupt an interview so that you can rush to the bathroom.In addition, your body will also be undergoing some changes, and it is good to ensure that your interview wardrobe fits well, despite the changes happening to your body.In addition to the physical changes happening to your body, being pregnant will also increase your obligations. You will need to attend antenatal clinics, sometimes you will be unable to work due to morning sickness and so on.If you are searching for a job while still employed, all these obligations â€" in addition to the time devoted to your job search â€" can interfere with your duties at your current job.Therefore, you should plan your job search efforts and interviews accordingly to en sure you do not end up losing your current job with a baby on the way and no other job in the offing.If you are in the final stages of your pregnancy, it is also best if you concentrate on searching for jobs that will allow you to start after the baby is born.RULE 5: CHECK WHETHER THE NEW JOB COVERS YOUR NEEDSWhen searching for a job while pregnant, it is important to consider the benefits provided by the organization, as well as whether the new job provides any special benefits for pregnant women.According to Unum, a disability insurance provider, 28% of short term disability claims are due to pregnancy, making it the most common reason for short term disability claims.By claiming disability insurance, you can take time off work and still receive some income to help you meet your obligations.Benefits are also part of your total compensation, therefore they are an important consideration.The best thing to do is to do some research even before the interview and find out if your prosp ective employer provides any benefits that will help ease your life once you have had your baby and returned to work as a working mom.While considering the benefits provided by your prospective employer, you should also take a look at their maternity leave policy and their prenatal care coverage.This is something you should make sure to discuss with your employer once you bring up the issue of your pregnancy, before accepting the job offer.However, some companies do not have any official maternity leave policy, which means that you might be forced to claim short term disability as well as some paid time off.You should also take a look at the medical insurance options provided by the employer, since, as a new mother, you might frequently require medical care for your newborn.One thing you should keep in mind is that if you are interviewing while already pregnant, you will not be eligible for coverage by the Family Leave and Medical Act (FMLA) after you are hired.This is because, in m any companies, the FMLA only applies to employees who have been with the company for over 12 months before requesting for maternity leave.RULE 6: CHECK WHETHER THE JOB FITS INTO YOUR PLANSIf you are searching for a job while pregnant, it is good to be honest with yourself and realize that your responsibilities and obligations will increase significantly once your baby is born.You should keep this in mind when sending out job applications.Take the time to think about how your daily schedule will change once you become a mother, and then figure out whether the job you are applying for will align with this schedule.Will you need a job with a structured schedule or one that allows you to be a bit flexible?Will you be fully available from 9 to 5?Would you prefer a job that allows you to work from home as you take care of your newborn?If not, will you have someone to watch the baby when you are at work?You will also need to consider the location of the job.If you intend to take your baby to a day care center, you will need to consider whether there is any good day care center close to your new job, as well as the distance to the new job from home.All these factors will affect your performance and satisfaction in your new position, so it is important to give them some careful thought before applying for a job. You should also determine what the job demands of you before applying.For instance, as a new mother, you might not be able to fit well into a job that requires you to travel frequently or work extremely long hours.The most important thing here is to figure out what matters for you and your baby and then look for a job that will allow you to meet your obligations and responsibilities.Below is a checklist of some of the things you should consider if you are hunting for a new job while expecting:Physical demands â€" opt for jobs that have fewer physical demands, such as heavy lifting and standing all day, especially during the later stages of your pregnancyFlexibl e work hoursFamily friendlinessThe option to telecommute or work from home if need beThe option to take breaks if need be (such as attending doctor’s appointments)RULE 7: UNDERSTAND YOUR RIGHTSFinally, you should understand that as a pregnant woman searching for a new job, you have your rights.Despite all the progress that has been made in the world, bias against pregnant women still remains in the workplace.According to two studies done in 2007 and 2004, pregnant women are viewed as less competent and therefore less likely to be hired. In another study carried out in 2013, the researchers found out that pregnant women were more likely to be treated rudely by interviewers of both sexes.One of the co-authors of this study notes that this bias stems from a subconscious level, even if people may consciously know that pregnancy does not affect a person’s competency.The study also noted that pregnant women are less likely to be treated rudely if they focused on their qualifications a nd explained how they planned to ensure success in the position despite their pregnancy.So, how do you keep yourself protected against pregnancy discrimination?According to the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA), it is illegal for an employer to deny a woman employment on the basis of her pregnancy.The law also protects pregnant women against other forms of discrimination at the workplace, including things such as benefits, job assignments, promotions, and layoffs.During the interviewing process, it is also illegal for an employer to enquire if you are pregnant or are planning to get pregnant.The law also gives you the right to not discuss your pregnancy in a job interview, even if the pregnancy is obvious.However, if such a question comes up, you can politely brush it away.For instance, you might say:“If you are asking about my ability to perform the duties associated with this position, you can rest assured that I will deliver everything that is required of me.”If, for some re ason, you feel that an employer has discriminated against you on the basis of your pregnancy â€" for instance, if they asked you a question concerning your pregnancy or plan to have children â€" you can report the matter to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.Because of this, most employers will not bring up the subject of pregnancy during the interview, even if the pregnancy is obvious.Unfortunately, they can still avoid hiring an applicant based on her pregnancy. In such instances, it becomes difficult to file a claim for pregnancy discrimination, since the applicant has no way of proving that the pregnancy was the reason behind her being denied employment.In addition, employers do not require you to fill your pregnancy status during the job application, therefore it cannot be proven whether they were aware of the pregnancy.THE BOTTOM LINE OF JOB HUNTING WHILE PREGNANTWhile searching for a job while pregnant can be somewhat challenging, the fact that you are carrying a lit tle bundle of joy inside you should not keep you from going for your dreams.There are several women who have done it, and you can do it too!If you find yourself in an interview room while pregnant, always remember that you have no obligations to bring up the pregnancy.However, if you choose to, have a plan, address the pregnancy and your plan matter-of-factly and quickly steer the conversation to your strengths and qualifications.Keep in mind that a pregnancy will come with some changes, and schedule your interviews with these changes in consideration.You should also check whether the new job covers your needs and whether it fits into your plans.Finally, remember that as a pregnant woman, you have your rights. No employer should discriminate against you because of your pregnancy.

Personal Statement For Purpose - 965 Words

I have great pleasure in enclosing my CV in response to your advert on the University of Leicester Museum Studies’ Jobs Desk for a London Coordinator (Sculpture) for Art UK Sculpture. As a passionate supporter of our national and regional cultural heritage, I thoroughly enjoy working with objects, ideas and stories, inspiring other to engage with art. I have long-standing knowledge of London, having lived - in North, South and West London - and worked in the Capital for many years, and I am familiar with many of London’s diverse galleries and museum collections. The position of London Coordinator (Sculpture) for Art UK Sculpture offers an exciting opportunity to bring together my proven project coordination, administrative,†¦show more content†¦My academic background is multi-disciplinary; I studied art history, archaeology and anthropology. I hold an MA in the Arts of Europe and my PhD focuses on the social, cultural and economic history of Mediterranean red coral in Qing China, including its use in Chinese sculpture. The University of East Anglia’s School of Art History and World Art Studies encourages the development of new perspectives on the familiar. For example, I was able to introduce fresh ways of considering the post-WWII history of the Cambridge University Botanic Garden, as well as encouraging debate about the contemporary role of a Botanic Garden. During my MA year, I volunteered for the Public Monuments and Sculpture Association’s (PMSA) Public Sculpture of Norfolk Suffolk project. Our group focused on the outdoor sculpture at Houghton Hall and Holkham Hall in North Norfolk. We inspected, measured and photographed the monumental sculpture and collated the survey data. 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Legacy of the Cold War - 736 Words

Legacy of the Cold War The origins of the Cold War can be traced to the end of World War II. The global devastation wreaked upon several European nations during this martial conflict left only two superpowers in the world the United States and Russia. In many ways, these two countries although allied together during the Cold War were ideologically opposed to one another, for the simple fact that Russia was communist and the U.S. favored a capitalist economic system. This divergent ideology was responsible for the polarization of many of the other countries left in the world, as Russia (and its surrounding territories which became the Soviet Union) attempted to extend its Iron Curtain to gain communist allies, and the United States attempted to impede these measures by keeping as much of the free world capitalist as it possibly could. 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Counselling Report on Depression free essay sample

Specialist Diploma In Counselling Psychology Case Study Mei Ling Conceptualise the individual and presenting problem Mei Ling is a thirty-three years old who works as a nurse in a busy surgical ward. She is married to Steven for fourteen years. She has two sons whom aged eleven and eight years old. Lately she begun to fear that Steven is having an affair and will leave her. Mei Ling had seen her general practitioner (GP) for lack of energy and vague gastrointestinal symptoms. But her medical examination result found no physical cause. Through discussion with the GP discovered she has been feelings of epression for the past four months. Mei Lings GP suggested her to seek counselling. During the counselling session, Mei Ling told the counselor she has been feeling down and depressed most of the time. She burst into tears frequently without knowing why. She finds difficult to motivate herself to go to work. We will write a custom essay sample on Counselling Report on Depression or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She stopped going for most social activities. She felt agitated and on edge when she mixed with people as she had to pretend to be happy all the time. She felt short-tempered with her sons and did not feel strong enough to spend much time with them. Mei Ling is he eldest of four children. She has a sister and twin brothers. At the age of nine years old, her parents divorced. Mei Ling and her siblings moved to different home with her mother. Her father moved back to Malaysia where he is originally from. Her mother became depressed and withdraw emotionally from the children. Her mother remarried some years later. Mei Ling felt sad not seeing her father. She felt lonely in new home. She had to take care of her younger siblings and worried over her mothers condition. Developing a counselling relationship with Mei Ling using Person Centered Therapy In the person-centered therapy, the relationship between Mei Ling and the counsellor must be well established. The counsellor must be to express and communicate herself clearly to Mei Ling. Counsellor must respect Mei Lings problems. Mei Ling must know that the counsellor is attempting to get into her internal frame of reference by thinking, feeling, and exploring with her. The counsellor experiences an unconditional positive regard for Mei Ling that is where Mei Ling will feel warmth, liking and the respect for the acceptance of what she is. The counsellor empathically understands Mei Lings internal frame of reference. In addition, the counsellor uses attending behavior such as eyes contact, learning forward, not crossing her arms and legs when talking or listening to Mei Lings problems. Approach climate conducive to growth and therapeutic change. They contrast starkly with those conditions believed to be responsible for psychological disturbance. The core conditions are:- 1 . Unconditional positive regard This means that the counsellor accepts Mei Ling unconditionally and non judgementally. Mei Ling is free to explore all thoughts and feelings, positive or negative, without danger of rejection or condemnation. Crucially, Mei Ling is free to explore and to express without having to do anything in particular or meet any particular standards of behaviour to earn positive regard from the counsellor. 2. Empathic understanding This means that the counsellor accurately understands Mei Lings thoughts, feelings, and meanings from Mei Lings own perspective. When the counsellor perceives what the world is like from Mei Lings point of view, it demonstrates not only that that view has value, but also that Mei Ling is being accepted. . Congruence This means that the counsellor is authentic and genuine. The counsellor does not resent an aloof professional fapde, but is present and transparent to Mei Ling. There is no air of authority or hidden knowledge, and Mei Ling does not have to speculate about what the counsellor is really like. Together, these three core conditions are believed to enable Mei Ling to develop and grow in her own way to strengthen and expand her own identity and to become the person that she really is independently of the pressures of others to act or think in particular ways.

Evaluating Grapple Mobile Technology

The Battle of Ypres 1915 Cost 6000 Canadian Casualties

The Battle of Ypres 1915 Cost 6000 Canadian Casualties In 1915, the second Battle of Ypres established the reputation of the Canadians as a fighting force. The 1st Canadian Division had just arrived on the Western Front when they won recognition by holding their ground against a new weapon of modern warfare - chlorine gas. It was also in the trenches at the second Battle of Ypres that John McCrae wrote the poem when a close friend was killed, one of 6000 Canadian casualties in just 48 hours. War World War I Date of Battle of Ypres 1915 April 22 to 24, 1915 Location of Battle of Ypres 1915 Near Ypres, Belgium Canadian Troops at Ypres 1915 1st Canadian Division Canadian Casualties at the Battle of Ypres 1915 6035 Canadian casualties in 48 hoursMore than 2000 Canadians died Canadian Honours at the Battle of Ypres 1915 Four Canadians won the Victoria Cross at the Battle of Ypres in 1915 Edward Donald BellewFrederick Bud FisherFrederick William HallFrancis Alexander Scrimger Summary of the Battle of Ypres 1915 The 1st Canadian Division had just arrived at the front and were moved to Ypres Salient, a bulge in the front of the City of Ypres in Belgium.The Germans held the high ground.The Canadians had two British divisions on their right, and two French army divisions on their left.On April 22, after an artillery bombardment, the Germans released 5700 cylinders of chlorine gas. The green chlorine gas was heavier than air and sank into the trenches forcing soldiers out. The gas attack was followed by strong infantry assaults. The French defenses were forced to retreat, leaving a four-mile wide hole in the Allied line.The Germans did not have enough reserves or protection against the chlorine gas for their own troops to take immediate advantage of the gap.The Canadians fought through the night to close the gap.On the first night, the Canadians launched a counter-attack to drive the Germans out of Kitcheners Wood near St. Julien. The Canadians cleared the woods but had to retire. More attacks t hat night resulted in disastrous casualties but bought some time to close the gap. Two days later the Germans attacked the Canadian line at St. Julien, again using chlorine gas. The Canadians held on until reinforcements arrived.

Human Rights Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Human Rights Law - Essay Example These are; civil and political rights; and economic, social and cultural rights. With regard to civil and political rights, every human being is protected from abuse of power by politicians who are known to pursue their own interests and thereby overlooking the common interests of the public. These rights include, right to life, right to vote and freedom of association1. Concerning the economic, social and cultural rights, every human being has a right to live a decent life. In addition to this, every person is entitled to the essential needs necessary for the sake of survival of every human being. These rights include, right to work as well as right to proper health. With reference to the discussion question given, this paper will discuss how the margin of appreciation operates with regards to human rights and whether the supervision provided by the court was adequate. This paper will also demonstrate detailed knowledge and understanding of the main concepts, principles and rules of human rights law. It will also analyze how human rights protect the rights of every single human being in the society regardless of their gender, ethnicity and status. The term ‘margin of appreciation’ is a concept that has been adopted by the European Court of Human Rights when it comes to considering whether a member state of the European Convention on Human Rights has infringe the convention in one way or the other. This margin of appreciation allows courts to take into consequence the idea that the Convention will be deduced differently in the different member states. This is the cases when it comes to article 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights which states that every person has a freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This includes the right to change religion alone or as a community and he/she can either do it privately or publicly. It also continues to say that the freedom to manifest one’s religion or beliefs shall be subject to such limi tations as are prescribed by the law in the interest of public safety. In the case of Open Door and Dublin Well Woman vs. Ireland (1992) 15 EHRR, the European Court of Human Rights upheld the Ireland Supreme Court’s injunction that restrained counseling agents from providing information facilities abroad to pregnant women because it violated Article 10 of the Convention for the protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The injunction specifically interfered with two non profit organizations, Open Door Counseling Ltd. and Dublin Well Woman Centre Ltd that provided pregnancy related information to pregnant women. None of the two organizations upheld or encouraged abortion in any way. In addition to that the court further upheld Ireland’s restriction that interfered with the freedom of the women to access information. The injunction had a unbalanced impact in that in prohibited counseling regardless of age, health or circumstances of the pregnant women, this wa s because Ireland has a legitimate interest in protecting the life of the unborn. It was also noted by the court, that terminating of these pregnancies at later stages without adequate counseling posed a health risk to these women. The margin of appreciation doctrine in the jurisprudence of articles 8 to 11 involves qualified rights which are not absolute and have associated limitations that are expressed within the right itself. The first paragraph of each article states the right, while the second allows the State to breach its negative

Encounter of the East and West Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Encounter of the East and West - Essay Example The three years spent by the French team in Egypt had great influence on the west and specifically Europe at that time. The invasion of the outsiders to Egypt has formed a benchmark onto which the east and west convened and exchanged different aspects. The western culture diversified because of the Egyptian influence. The Egyptian ancient society fade away with time as the encounter between east and west persisted over time. Ancient Egypt civilization as described by the napoleon team was rich in artefacts that triggered great interest to the west. These included the famous Egyptian pyramids, temples, and representations of pharaohs and gods. The sphinx of Giza is one of the statues that have amazed the world because of its age and meaning. The sphinx is a monument that bears the head of a human and the body of a lion. The great monument standing on the Egyptian desert is currently in ruins because of the persistent wind, sand of the desert and rainfall. The sphinx lies amidst Egypti an pyramids in Giza and the meaning that Egyptians have attached to the monument over time is perplexing. Time has redefined the meaning and representation repeatedly. The sphinx stands as a clear illustration of the dynasties existing in the previous civilizations before European intervention. Speculations from the old times indicate that the human face was in honour of one of the pharaohs. The sculpture probably dates back to the fourth dynasty and the face represented belonged to pharaoh Khafre. The monument dimensions are 238 feet in length and 65 feet in height. The origins of the bedrock making the sculpture re not very clear. The lion body depicts the royalty awarded to the dynasty by the people. Ancient Egypt was rich in style and this is the reason why the pyramids of the old times have persisted in world history. The ancient Egyptian civilization greatly influenced the succeeding new kingdom of the modern history. The great sphinx receives respect and honour from the peopl e. For some people, it represented the pharaoh who instructed its building. Others believe that the pharaoh Khafre’s father instructed its building (Bayly, 2004:75). The monument has both political and religious value for some people. While some regard the essence of the sphinx as an important aspect reflecting the fourth dynasty, others associate it with the Egyptian gods. ‘The dream stela’ in the middle of the paws of the sphinx that has inscriptions on it tells the story of prince Thutmosis who slept in the middle of the paws and had a dream in which the gods spoke to him. After this, some Egyptologists claim that the monument had transformed from a king icon to a god icon. The sphinx holds a lot of mystery concerning origin, purpose and disproportion of the monument. Question two Mehmet Ali is a name familiar in Egyptian history because he established a new Egypt after the French troop led by Napoleon left (Darwin, 2007:66). Egypt was an agricultural country during napoleon’s rule. Mehmet was formally a member of the ottoman army and was an Albanian. He moved to Egypt after the departure of napoleon and was ready to transform the empire. He moved to Egypt under the instruction of his uncle the governor. Having grown up in the uncle’s family, he had received responsibilities that presented him with an opportunity to develop great leadership and political skills. In 1801, his mission in Egypt was

Untapped Mineral Resources And Their Potential Environmental Sciences Essay

Untapped Mineral Resources And Their Potential Environmental Sciences Essay Pakistan is blessed with huge mineral potential like coal copper, gold, limestone etc.   However, we have not yet been able to promote growth and alleviate poverty by exploiting our mineral resources as is done by other developing countries. Our efforts for mineral development has been limited to few industrial minerals such as limestone, rock salt, marble, gypsum and a very less amount of coal for internal power generation. 2. Our mineral resources are enormous and emerging as a promising country for exploration of minerals. Pakistans more than 6, 00, 000 sq kms  [1]  of outcrop area demonstrates varied geological potential for metallic / non-metallic mineral deposits. Exploration work and geological surveys have confirmed our great potential in the metallic as well as industrial minerals like copper, gold, silver, platinum, iron, lead, zinc, granite and marble. All these minerals have got huge prospects for exporting to the world. 3. Currently about 52 minerals  [2]  are under exploitation but on a small scale. The major contribution is of coal, rock salt, and other industrial and construction minerals. Value addition in the mineral sector is mainly concentrated in five principal minerals i.e. limestone, coal, gypsum, sulphur, oil and gas. The current contribution of mineral sector to the GDP is about 0.5% and is likely to increase considerably on the development of mineral projects like Reco Diq, Duddar Zinc lead and Thar coal. On the government level there is a requirement to put more serious efforts in the development of this promising prospect. AIM 4. To carryout comprehensive study of the mineral resource potential of Pakistan vis a vis impediments towards their development and its ramifications on the economy with a view to recommend viable response options. SCOPE 5. The discourse of the paper will follow the sequence as under :- Part I Mineral Resources of Pakistan Part II Untapped Minerals and their Potential Part III Economy and Mining of Mineral Resources Part IV Impediments towards the development of Mineral Resources Part v Recommendations for Viable Response Options Conclusion PART I MINERAL RESOURCES OF PAKISTAN 6.  [3]  Mineral resources for a country are like a wealth and Pakistan by the grace of Allah Almighty is gifted with enormous mineral resource potential. Presently 52 minerals are under exploitation but the major production is of coal, rock salt and other industrial minerals. The value addition in the mineral sector is mainly concentrated in five principal minerals i.e. limestone, coal, gypsum, sulphur, oil and natural gas. Mining industry in Pakistan is dominated by the public sector through Federal and Provincial development corporations. The public mining corporations such as PUNJMIN is involved in the mining of 8 minerals, Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation in 11 minerals, FATA Development Corporation in 10 minerals, Balochistan Development Authority in around 40 minerals, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Development Authority in 4 minerals and Azad Kashmir Mineral and Industrial Development Corporation in 12 minerals . 7. Foreign investors are mainly from China due to their historic friendship with Pakistan. Besides this, there has been little or investment in mineral exploration. So far whatever development has occurred is restricted to simple technologies and foreign investors without investing in the modern management and technological fields. Consequently mineral exploitation contributes only 0.5% of GDP  [4]  . Realizing the vast potential of the mineral sector, there is a great opportunity for the multinational companies to invest in this sector and be beneficial to our economy as well as themselves. 8. Top Fifteen Minerals of Pakistan  [5]   a. Aluminium b. Iron Ore c. Copper d. Chromite Ore e. Zinc / Lead f. Coal g. Gypsum / Anhydrite h. Phosphates i. Rock Salt j. Solar Salt k. Magnesite l. Limestone for lime m Kaolin (China Clay) n. Building stones i.e. Granite, Marble and Onyx o. Gemstones 9. Mineral Resources in Punjab  [6]   a. Iron ore. Large iron ore deposits are present in Punjab. Major deposits are in Kalabagh(Mianwali district). b. Coal. In Punjab coal is present in Salt Range. Coal deposits in this region are 235 million tons with average quality coal. c. Gypsum. Punjab stands 2nd in gypsum reserves. Major deposits in Dadukhel are about 53 million tons. Other major reserves are in Khewra and D.G. Khan. d. Salt. Salt deposits are mainly found in the salt Range. Rock salt is mined at Khewra, Warcha, Kalabagh, Bhadurkhel, Jatta, karak ,Chakwal and Khushab mines. According to Pakistan Mineral Development Corporation, reserves of rock salt are around 600 million tons. e. Lime stone. Lime Stone is present in salt Range Potwar Plateau, Margalla Hills and Zinda Pir (Attock) in large deposits. f. Aluminium. It is found in Khushab district,but graded as low quality Aluminium. g. Calestine. Celestite is used in flares, tracer bullets, warning fuses and fire-works. It is found in Daud Khel. h. Natural oil. All major oil fields are located in potowar plateau. A brief description is given In following table:- i. Natural gas. Major gas resources are in Uch near Multan and Adhi in Rawalpindi district, supplying a gas of 18Mcf/day   . j. Marble. Main marble reserves are in Dalbandin Hills in Attock District 10. Mineral Resources in Sindh  [7]   a. Coal. Pakistan has total coal reserves of 185 billion tons, out of which 184 Billion tons are in Sindh. It is one of the biggest good quality lignite deposits in the World. b. Salt. Bright prospects exist for the development of high purity solar salt facility around the coastal areas of Karachi. c. Limestone. It is found in Kot Diji, Ranipur, Ganjo Takkar, Murli Hills, Mango Pir and Cape Monze. d. Aluminium. In Sindh Aluminium is found in Kirthar Nits. e. Carbonate Soda. Present in large quantity in Nawabshah, Umerkot ,Nara Taluka( Khaipur) and Shah Bandar. f. Calestine. The estimated reserves are 300,000 tons. In Sindh, Calestine deposits are found in Thana Bula Khan. g. China Clay. It is found in Nagar Parkar (Tharparkar) and used in cement, paper, rubber filter manufacturing. h. Natural Oil. There are three renowned oil fields in Sindh which are briefly described in tabular form below:- i. Natural   Gas. In Sindh Natural Gas is found in Khairpur, Kandkot , Mari, Golarchi and Khaskheli. 11. Mineral Resources in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa  [8]   a. Chromite. Deposits in Dargai (0.7 Mt), Heroshah (0.1 Mt) have been proven. Similarly in Pattan and Chilas areas prospects appear to contain 0.2 Mt reserves. b. Coal. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa there is no large deposit of coal. Two small ones are briefly described in tabular form:- c. Bauxite.  Ã‚   Bauxite ismainly found in Hazara District. Details are as under :- d. Gypsum. The largest gypsum reserves in Pakistan are in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, which are primarily found in D.I.Khan and Kohat districts. e. Phosphates. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa   contains Cambrian sedimentary phosphates mainly in Abbottabad. f. Magnesite. In Abbottabad established reserves around 11 million tons geological 3 million tons mineable containing acceptable   46%      47%   magnesium oxide are present.   g. Limestone. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Northern Areas the average annual production of limestone is 8697 Metric tons. h. China Clay. Presently the major production comes from shah Dheri, Swat .. i. Marbles. Marbles of different classifications occur in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Northern Areas. 158 million tons out of 160.2 million tons of marble reserves, are in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. j. Gem Stones. Pakistan ranks amongst leading gem-hosting countries. Emerald, Ruby, Pink Topaz and Peridot are found in Hunza and AJK. k. Soap Stone. Its deposits are in Sherwan and Abbottabad districts. Soap stone is used in Ceramics and soap industries. 12. Mineral Resources in Balochistan  [9]  . Out of 50 minerals being mined 40 are being exploited in Balochistan:- a. Aluminium. Large deposits are in Kalat, Ziarat and Loralai districts. Khakhan-China spring mine in Loralai district produces 2000 tons annually. b. Iron Ore. More than 903.4 million tons of iron ores are found in Pakistan and potential ore deposits in Balochistan are the following: Copper. The significance of copper resources of Pakistan is widely known.Copper reserves are present in Saindak and Reko-diq in Balochistan. d. Chromite Ore. Major deposits are found in Muslim Bagh, Noshki, Ras-koh, Dilbadin and Khuzdar districts. e. Zinc. The Jurassic rocks of the Lasbela Khuzdar Belt have the potential to host several World class zinc lead ore deposits. Zinc deposits in Duddar Gunga   are estimated over 160 million tons. f. Coal. In Balochistan about 217 million tons of coal is estimated. Thà ¨se Resources are distributed in Hamai, ,Duki ,Mach-Abegum   Pir Ismail Ziarat   Bar khan Chamalang. g. Natural Gas. Total Natural gas reserves in Pakistan are estimated at about 31 trillion cubic feet. In the Province of Balochistan, the reserves are in Pirkok, Sui ,Mazarani, Golarchi. h. Manganese. Manganese is found in Lasbela and Khuzdar and estimated reserves are 0.477 million tons. i. Limestone. In Balochistan average annual production of limestone is 8697 Metric tons. j. Magnesite. In Balochistan it is found in Muslim bagh and Bela. k. Gypsum. According to geological survey of Pakistan, about 2000 million ton gypsum resources are present in different areas of Balochistan. l. Antimony. Antimony deposits have been sporadically mined near Qila Abdullah in district Pishin of Balochistan. m. Marble. Large deposits of marble are present in Balochistan, about 2 million ton high quality Marble is present in Chagai district. n. Gems. Discoveries in Chagai, Panjgur, Kalat and Killa Abdullah. o. Aragonite. It is found in Khuzdar and Loralai. PART II UNTAPPED MINERAL RESOURCES AND THEIR POTENTIAL 13. Despite the fact that Pakistan is bestowed with huge mineral potential the overall contribution of this sector in GDP is merely 0.5%, which warrants extensive efforts to harness this unexplored wealth. The untapped mineral resources are discussed in subsequent paragraphs  [10]  :- a. Platinum. The Chilas rock body with indications of Platinum and Platinum-group elements occurrences belongs to the largest basic intrusions in the world which are continuously exposed. Similarly area between Jijal and Patan, Allai in Kohistan and Malakand Agency, west of Dargai bears Platinum and Platinum-group elements. b. Antimony. Antimony is an important metal which is used for making and antimony salt is used in the production of safety matches, in percussion caps of cartridge and in tracer bullets. Antimony reserves have been recently discovered by GSP in Kharan district. Present estimates of available ore are 26,000 tons and the antimony content of the ore varies from 7 to 12% (Hussain, 1974). c. Copper. Copper is used in electrical industry, automobiles, airplanes, conductors and circuit breakers due to its high electrical and thermal conductivity and strength. Geological Survey of Pakistan has discovered copper at Saindak, Dasht-e-Kain, Missi and Ziarat Pir Sultan.Massive sulphide type copper deposits have been reported from Chagai, Lasbela and Khuzdar districts. Mineral deposits at Saindak are in table-1 and estimated recoverable quantities of different metals are reflected in table-2. Table 1 : Saindak Copper Reserves  [11]   Deposit Reserves (million tones) (% of copper) South Ore Body 111 0.430 East Ore Body 273 0.340 North Ore Body 28 0.440 Table 2 : Estimated Quantities of Metals and their Values  [12]   Metals Current Price (In USS) Value (in million USS) Copper 1.69 million tones 2000 / tones 3,380.00 Gold 2.24 million ounces 387 / oz 867.00 Silver 2.49 million ounces 5.0 / oz 12.45 d. Gold. In the present day world along with its major consumption in Jewelry, gold is being used as an important industrial metal also. In the Chagai area, Geological Survey of Pakistan has identified at least 12 porphyry type deposits which may contain appreciable quantities of gold along with copper and silver.Similarly clusters of gold and silver have also been discovered in Drosh district Chitral ,Sargodha, Mansehra and Muzaffarabad. e. Iron. Iron is used for making steel and a number of other alloys. Many small and large deposits of iron ore have been found in Dilband, Chilghazi, Chigendil and Pachin Koh districts of Balochistan. The iron ore deposits recently discovered by the GSP at Uthal appear to be of economic value. Estimated iron reserves and quality are given in Table-3. Table 3 : Iron Reserves and Quality of Iron Ores in Balochistan  [13]   Ser Area / Locality Reserves (million tons) Quality Chemical Mineralogical 1. Dilband, Kalat District 250 40-60% Sedimentry ore with predominant heamatite 2. Chagai District (Chigendil, Pachin Koh, Chilghzi) 85 20-55% Magnetite. 3. Uthal Lasbela District, Balochistan Not estimated Up to 45% Metamorphie ore with predominant magnetive. Total :- 335 f. Lead Zinc. Lead and Zinc metals form important alloys having varied uses in industry and ammunitions. The geological Survey of Pakistan has discovered several deposits of lead and Zinc ore in Lasbela Khuzdar region of Balochistan. Deposits at Gunga, Surmai and Duddar have been investigated in some details by GSP and are expected to be around 10 million tons each. g. Chromite. Chromite is mainly used in the manufacture of stainless steel and as refractory material. Chromite is found in Zhob, Killah Saifullah, Chagai, Kharam, Khuzdar and Lasbela districts as podiform type. A total production of 25,735 tons was achieved during the year 2002-2003. h. Manganese. Manganese ores are found in Lasbela, Khuzdar, Chagai and Zhob districts. The manganese occurrences in Chagai district are found as coating and film in the quartz veins cutting limestone beds. A total of 580,500 tons of manganese ore has been estimated in various deposits. The average range of manganese content is 8.2% to 50.56%. i. Fluorite. It is mainly used as flux in steel making and is the only source of fluorine which is required for hydrofluoric acid and other fluorine compounds. Fluorite is found in Maran, Dilband and Pad Maran areas. The reserves are estimated over 0.1 million tons . j. Gypsum and Anhydrite. Balochistan has very large reserves of gypsum/ anhydrite found at spintangi and Chamalang. Estimated gypsum reserves are given in table . 4. Table: 4 Major Gypsum Deposits of Balochistan  [14]  . Deposits/ Localities Reserve of million of tons Insoluble% R2O3% CaO% MgO% SO3 H2O% CaS O421 12O% CaSO4% Spintangi Range Analysis 0.5 0.30 0.50 32.30 0.68 47.30 18.20 High Gypsum 0.60 0.40 32.67 0.32 47.44 19.10 k. Baryte. The baryte deposits are located in the area between Uthal and Khuzdar. Deposits at Gunga near Khazdar and Daddar in Lasbela dirtrict are estimated over 12 million tons. The production from indigenous deposits meets the total requirement of baryte for oil well drilling and barium based chemical plants of the country. l. Dimension and Decorative Stones. The ones most commonly used are onyx marble and granite. Marble is used in building facings, bathrooms and floor tiles / handicraft items. Onyx marble of high quality is found in Chagai District / Gilgit Baltistan. Granite occurs in Chagai , Zhob, Kila Saifullah and Lasbela. m. Gemstones. Northern areas are marked by GSP as ruby-bearing marble zone. Similarly in Swat district few deposits are expected of gemstones. n. Limestone. Pakistan has vast resources of limestone extending from the coastal region near Karachi to as far north as the Chagai and Zhob. These rocks generally contain over 80% calcium carbonate,less than 5 %silica and less than 1% iron oxide making them suitable raw material for the cement manufacturing. o. Coal. According to estimates prepared by GSP, Pakistan has total coal reserves of 185 billion tons, out of which 184 billion tons are in Sindh. One of the biggest good quality lignite deposit is in Thar, Thar coal is of relatively good quality and is likely to be operational by Dec 2013  [15]  .There are six coal areas in Balochistan where coal mining activities are in progress i.e. Harnai, Duki, Daghari, Pir Imail Ziarat, Mach and most recently in Chamalang area but it has been abandoned due to a tribal conflict. The coal resources of Balochistan are described below:- Table No. 5 Summary of Coal Resources of Balochistan (Million tons)  [16]   S.No Coalfield Proved Indicated Inferred Hypot-hetical Total Mineable (1) Khost Shahrig Harnai 13 63 76 8 (2) Sor Range Daghari 15 19 16 50 9 (3) Duki 14 11 25 50 8 (4) Mach Abegum 9 14 23 5 (5) Pir Ismail Ziarat 2 2 8 12 12 (6) Chamalang 1 5 6 0.6 Total:- 54 13 134 16 217 32 p. Gas  [17]  . Zin block is surrounded by major natural gas producing fields of Pirkoh, Loti, Sui and Uch. 22 trillion cubic feet of projected gas reserves are expected in Kohlu district, therefore OGDCL has applied for security cover for four licenses i.e. Kohlu, Jandran, Jandran West and Kalchas. OGDCL is the largest upstream company in the country , as of December 2010 it holds 48 percent of the countrys recoverable oil reserves and 37 percent of the countrys recoverable gas reserves. PART III ECONOMY AND MINING OF MINERAL RESOURCES 14. Growing demand for mineral resources such as aluminium, nickel, copper and zinc by developing markets in Asia has contributed to a surge in mineral prices. Driven by the prospect of higher revenues, developing countries are increasingly turning to their minerals wealth as a source of growth and new economic development opportunities  [18]  . 15. The extractive industry sector is very diverse. Classification may refer to scale of operation, nature of activity (underground, off-shore, open-cast, etc.), material extracted (industrial minerals, gemstones, precious metals, oil and gas etc), utility (energy, metallic and non-metallic) or degree of capitalization. However, the unique feature of all extractive operations is that the resource being extracted is non-renewable. Therefore goal of non-renewable resource exploitation, should be the conversion of natural capital into other forms of capital. In terms of scale, there are three general levels of extractive operation as under  [19]  :- a. Large Scale. Capital-intensive and multinational companies use extraction and processing technologies that require high levels of investment and skills. Significant revenues, economies of scale and efficiencies result from these operations. b. Medium Scale. Includes state run enterprise such as national oil and gas producers and numerous expansionary juniors (with less than USD 100 million assets) in the hard rock mining sector. c. Artisanal and Small Scale Mining (ASM). Old mining methods i.e rudimentary technology, minimal capital investment , high labour intensity and low levels of technology for extraction and processing. It is estimated that ASM produces up to 31% of the global production of minerals including 20% to 30% of gold, 20% of coal, 10% of diamonds and 75% of non-diamond gemstones. 16. The Economics of Mining  [20]  . Minerals represent only a small part of world production and global FDI flows, however their supply is essential to modern economies. Major contributions of mining in economy are:- a. The contribution of Mining to Growth, Exports and Fiscal Revenues. Accurate statistics of the economic benefits derived from mining are difficult to obtain, especially when the full scale range of the sector is considered. For example, the informal and frequently illegal nature of ASM activities results in significant losses of potential government revenues. Where figures are available metal exports constitute a large part of total exports for several countries like in Tanzania, mining represents 40 % of national exports, 75% of foreign direct investments and is estimated to have contributed about 6 % of the total annual GDP growth rate of 4.8 % between 1996 and 2003 (ICMM / World Bank, UNCTAD, 2006a). Many governments derive a large part of fiscal revenues from the mining sector. In Botswana more than half of fiscal revenues are derived from mining (USGS, 2005) whereas mining accounts for 43% of government revenues in Peru (gold, copper, zinc, etc). b. The contribution of Mining to Employment and subsistence. The ILO has estimated that the mining sector employs 22 to 25 million people worldwide, approximately 1% of the total global workforce (ILO, 2007). Large-scale mining is capital-intensive activity requiring increasingly higher skills levels. The artisanal sector is coupled with the fact that mining may be pursued during periods of agricultural inactivity or underemployment. The sector often operates in poor / remote locations so as to provide pro-poor benefits which private sector or government are unable to provide. 17. Potential of Mining to Lift the Poor Out of Poverty  [21]  . The track record of countries with the opportunity to convert resource abundance into broader development goals is often disappointing. Resource abundance often does not translate into economic prosperity. Mineral wealth and its proper exploitation would form the basis for economic growth, poverty reduction and sustained development. However some of the most resource rich countries had the highest levels of poverty, corruption and conflict. 18. The evolution of mining codes has been described as having three phases. The first has been characterized by major withdrawal of state intervention. The second places greater emphasis on the responsibilities of companies for socio-economic development. In Mali, for example companies are required to pay a tax directly to regional governments for re-allocation to local communities. The third places greater emphasis on the participation of affected people and enhanced government responsibility for environmental and social safeguards. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), for example, has made provision to ensure revenue distribution to those directly impacted by mining companies (60% of royalties remain with the central government, 25% go to the provinces and 15% to the community where the mining occurs (CASM, 2007). PART IV IMPEDIMENTS TOWARDS THE DEVELOPMENT OF MINERAL RESOURCES IN PAKISTAN 19. The detailed overview only helps to ascertain that the mineral deposits of Pakistan are huge but there seems a host of factors which are hindering the development of minerals. Taking a 360 degree view, there are internal as well as external impediments and also issues like environmental hazards and lack of technology. Each of these are discussed in succeeding paragraphs. 20. Internal Impediments. Some of the impediments faced by Pakistan internally are as under:- a. Understaffing of Mineral Department. Minerals department is critically understaffed. There is only one mine inspector for the whole district and only one Assistant Director of License to look after the licenses issues in the whole region. Hence the officials are unable to visit the mine sites and monitor the progress. b. Lack of Technology. There is visible lack of technology available for the miners, since most of the mine owners are medium to small scale. The mining carried in the country is still based upon the century old techniques. c. Lack of Proper Database. Inconsistency is common in the data provided by the Provincial Offices and District Offices on licenses, leases, budget, revenues, etc. Regional offices are not very reliable and do not help towards well-informed policy initiatives. d. Lack of interest of the foreign investors. Although the FDI inflow in mining and quarrying sector in Pakistan has increased yet deteriorating law and order situation and poicies are proving to be major barriers against the inflow of FDI specially in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. e. Security of Tenure. Another important issue faced by the miners is the lack of security of tenure. The government can take away the lease any time citing reasons of low extraction, slow work progress etcetera and this reason alone is enough to deter investment. The mineral development Act of 1948 is still in place which also needs to be addressed. f. Weak Coordination and Non Transparency. Mineral department is not only weak in coordination due to nonexistence of proper policy but is also non transparent at times i.e. ignoring the mandatory requirement for grant of licenses and leases under political influence. Employees Old Age Benefit Institute (EOBI)  [22]  is a case in point. The contractors also accuse that some officials of regional directorate bypass the rules and regulations and ignore the merit due to their vested interests. g. Tribal Rivalries. In mineral rich areas tribes are mostly working against each other so as to gain control over the mineral resources in that particular region. Resultantly the exploration work is stalled, since no foreign company would like to work in a hostile environment. h. Deteriorating Law and Order Situation. Owing to GWOT the law and order situation of the country is not very encouraging for local as well as foreign investors. Most of the mineral rich areas are either under conditions of unrest or located in the close vicinity, thereby precluding any chance of exploration work. i. Role of Government  [23]  . The responsibility of the mineral exploitation rests with duality of control between provincial and federal governments. Constitutionally, government of Pakistan has defined its role for nuclear minerals, oil and gas while solid minerals whether they are in the Federal territory are the subject of provincial government. The concern of government of Pakistan for agriculture which relates to the curst of the earth is not likewise in the minerals. j. Public Sector Corporations. The public sector corporations which were created to undertake R D and disseminate/ transfer such knowledge and experience to the private sector have focused their attention on maximizing the revenue generation even at the cost of disregarding the safety measures. L k. Beneficiation R D  [24]  . The engineering universities as well as geological departments which have the high level of talent and manpower are not being utilized for R D in the mineral sector due to which most of the talent is being wasted. 21. External Impediments. Some of the impediments faced by Pakistan internally are as under:- a. Role of Donor Agencies. In case of third world countries the international donor agencies like IMF, World Bank ADB etce